Democracy Uprising
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      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

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      Jordlösa kombinerar radikala visioner med praktiska reformer (Swedish)

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      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

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Democracy Uprising

  • About
    • About Mark Engler
    • About Democracy Uprising
  • Books
    • This Is An Uprising
    • How To Rule the World
  • Topics
    • All Latin America Social Movements Religion U.S. Politics / Elections War / Militarism Book Reviews Environment Essays / First Person Global Economy Immigration Labor
      Latest Articles

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      Social Movements

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      Blog

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      Social Movements

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      Social Movements

      How to make sure your disruptive protest helps…

      Social Movements

      Why protests work, even when not everybody likes…

      Latest Articles

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      Social Movements

      Strategy is a Craft

      Latin America

      How movements can maintain their radical vision while winning…

      Latin America

      The Pan American

      Latin America

      Lessons from the Pledge of Resistance

      Latin America

      The Children of Intervention

      Latin America

      Against Shithole Nationalism

      Latin America

      The Last Porto Alegre

      Latin America

      Kissinger Is Not Our Friend

      Latin America

      Even If You Have Nothing to Hide

      Social Movements

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      Social Movements

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      Social Movements

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      Social Movements

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      Social Movements

      How to make sure your disruptive protest helps…

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      Why protests work, even when not everybody likes…

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      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

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      Reverend Billy’s Holiday Shopocalypse

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      Toward the “Rights of the Poor”

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      The Pope and the Poor

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      Will the Next Pope Embrace Liberation Theology?

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      Remembering Romero

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      John Paul II’s Economic Ethics

      Religion

      Against the God of Free Trade

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

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      Strategy is a Craft

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Think #MeToo didn’t make a real difference? Think…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      This new model for upholding labor law may…

      War / Militarism

      Does It Make Sense to Protest a President…

      War / Militarism

      Lessons from the Pledge of Resistance

      War / Militarism

      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

      War / Militarism

      War: The Wrong Jobs Program

      War / Militarism

      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

      War / Militarism

      Those Who Don’t Count

      War / Militarism

      Six Essays About War and About Peace

      War / Militarism

      The Dangerous Dignity of War

      Book Reviews

      The Pan American

      Book Reviews

      The Godfather of Microcredit

      Book Reviews

      Capitalism as Catastrophe

      Book Reviews

      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

      Book Reviews

      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

      Book Reviews

      Ordinary Outrages

      Book Reviews

      No Better Place

      Book Reviews

      In God’s Country

      Environment

      Why Wendell Matters

      Environment

      The Gulf at the Gas Station

      Environment

      Climate Disobedience

      Environment

      Farming the Everglades

      Environment

      The Winter of the Climate Denier

      Environment

      Climate of Change: An “Inside-Outside” Strategy Against Global…

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      Provoking an American Climate Crisis

      Environment

      The Real “Farmer” Story: So God Made High-Fructose…

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      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

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      On the Price is Right

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      The Last Porto Alegre

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      Six Essays About War and About Peace

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      Republicans Among Us

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      Essays / First Person

      The Sideshow Rebels

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      A Week in New York

      Global Economy

      Meet the Bailout’s New Slush Fund for Corporate…

      Global Economy

      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Global Economy

      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Global Economy

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

      Global Economy

      The Godfather of Microcredit

      Global Economy

      Capitalism as Catastrophe

      Global Economy

      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Global Economy

      The World Is Not Flat

      Immigration

      When Undocumented Activists Infiltrated ICE

      Immigration

      The Children of Intervention

      Immigration

      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Immigration

      Science Fiction From Below

      Immigration

      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

      Immigration

      Treated Like a Criminal

      Immigration

      When Sanctuary is Resistance

      Immigration

      The Massive Immigrants Rights Protests of 2006 Are…

      Labor

      This new model for upholding labor law may…

      Labor

      Democrats Won Power in Several States. Will They…

      Labor

      The Case for a Social Distancing Wage

      Labor

      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Labor

      Reviving the General Strike

      Labor

      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Labor

      There’s Still Power in a Strike

      Labor

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

  • Translations
    • All Italiano Japanese Português Arabic Thai Chinese Deutsch Español Français
      Translations

      Jordlösa kombinerar radikala visioner med praktiska reformer (Swedish)

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

      Português

      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

      Español

      Las reformas no reformistas de André Gorz

      Deutsch

      Die nicht-reformistischen Reformen von André Gorz

      Italiano

      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

      Chinese

      泛美洲人 爱德华多·加莱亚诺的世界 (Chinese)

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

      Italiano

      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

      Italiano

      La strategia di Gandhi per il successo –…

      Italiano

      Le promesse infrante di Obama

      Italiano

      Guantanamo deve sparire

      Italiano

      IL BANK TRANSFER DAY: UN SUCCESSO

      Italiano

      Come il movimento Occupiamo Wall Street si sta…

      Italiano

      Economia tabù

      Japanese

      ガンジーはどのように勝利したのか? (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Truth Versus Superpower (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Bad Business Empire (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Revenge of the Combat Cartoonist (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Uneasy Mexican Visita (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Mark Twain in Iraq (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Globalization’s “Lost Decade” (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Hawks Say the Damnedest Things (Japanese)

      Português

      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

      Português

      A vida na Nação Prisão

      Português

      Outro pretexto?

      Português

      Imigração tem efeito positivo sobre emprego e salários

      Português

      O império hipotecado

      Arabic

      Abandoning the World Bank (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      The Return of Daniel Ortega (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Where’s The Jubilee? (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      The Last Porto Alegre (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Seattle At Five (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (in…

      Arabic

      Mexico’s Democratic Transition Still Incomplete (in Arabic)

      Thai

      Progressive Good Tidings of 2007 (in Thai)

      Thai

      2006: A Global Justice Year in Review (In…

      Thai

      WTO: Best Left For Dead? (In Thai)

      Thai

      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (In…

      Thai

      Bush’s Bad Business Empire (In Thai)

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      The Last Porto Alegre [Thai]

      Thai

      Globalizers, Neocons, or… ? (in Thai)

      Chinese

      泛美洲人 爱德华多·加莱亚诺的世界 (Chinese)

      Chinese

      Why Wendell Matters (in Chinese)

      Chinese

      Globalization’s Watchdogs (in Chinese)

      Deutsch

      Die nicht-reformistischen Reformen von André Gorz

      Deutsch

      Als Martin Luther King seine Feuerwaffen aufgab

      Deutsch

      Mikrokredite: Die Entlassung eines Nobelpreisträgers

      Deutsch

      CAFTA – am besten stillschweigend beerdigen

      Deutsch

      Bush in Mexiko

      Deutsch

      Das globale Duell in Evian

      Deutsch

      Die Rückkehr des Daniel Ortega

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Español

      Las reformas no reformistas de André Gorz

      Español

      ¿Adoptará el nuevo papa la teología de la…

      Español

      Wall Street quiere que les estemos agradecidos

      Español

      Si Las Monjas Se Fueran a una Huelga,…

      Español

      ALEC retrocede; a la derecha le da un…

      Español

      ¿ALEC disgustado ante la pérdida de patrocinadores? Se…

      Español

      La vida en la nación prisión

      Français

      La révolution non-violente a-t-elle échoué en Egypte?

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      Le pari risqué du populisme au Pérou

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      Hong Kong Phooey

      Français

      Bush Nuit Même Aux Compagnies U.S.

      Français

      Le dynamisme du mouvement pour la paix

      Français

      La déroute de l’ALCA dans une Miami en…

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      Ceux qui ne comptent pas

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      La guerre en Irak : une expo des…

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TranslationsNederlands

CAFTA: Vrijhandel versus Democratie

by Mark Engler March 24, 2003
written by Mark Engler March 24, 2003
CAFTA: Vrijhandel versus Democratie

In januari ontmoette Robert Zoellick, handelsafgevaardigde van de Verenigde Staten, de ministers van Buitenlandse Zaken van Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras en Nicaragua om de officile onderhandelingen te starten voor de CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement). Door dit verdrag zou het reduceren van handelsbarrières, zoals bij de NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), ook voor Midden Amerika gaan gelden. De eerste onderhandelingssessie voor de CAFTA werd gehouden op 27 januari in Costa Rica.

Zoellick, en met hem andere afgevaardigden van het Witte Huis, willen ons graag doen geloven dat hun inspanningen om overal op het halfrond de markt open te maken, dienen om in het buitenland “de democratie te versterken”. Op een golf van patriottistisch sentiment, zien zij zichzelf als handelaars in vrijheid.

In deze retoriek schuilt slechts één probleem: De CAFTA is zelf het perfecte voorbeeld van een “vrijhandels”-verdrag dat in werkelijkheid juist de democratische vrijheden ondermijnt.

Het Witte Huis beweert dat de CAFTA de Midden Amerikaanse landen tot “een grotere openheid en helderheid” zal verplichten. Ironisch genoeg zijn de onderhandelingen voor de handelsovereenkomst verre van helder. Ondanks verzoeken van observatiegroepen zijn de conceptteksten van de CAFTA niet openbaar gemaakt, noch in Midden Amerika noch in de Verenigde Staten, waardoor een open discussie en debat onmogelijk zijn. De ondemocratische aard van de CAFTA-onderhandelingen verdoezelt meer substanti?le problemen. De bepleiters van “vrijhandel” houden hun onderhandelingsposities geheim, omdat ze nogal wat te verbergen hebben. Als de CAFTA wordt doorgevoerd, zullen belangrijke democratische normen, zoals de rechten van werknemers en de mogelijkheid om milieumaatregelen door te voeren, worden uitgehold.

Ambtenaren van de regering Bush beweren dat marktwijzigingen voor “verbeterde werkomstandigheden” zouden zorgen. Rapporten van het werk dat in de maquila-fabrieken (maquiladoras) wordt verzet, in de bestaande vrijhandelszones in Midden Amerika, wekken echter een andere indruk. Zo gaf Human Right Watch dit jaar een rapport uit over de situatie in Guatemala, waarin staat dat “pogingen om vakbonden te vormen in de maquila-sector te maken kregen met vernietigende tegenwerking vanuit de gehele bedrijfstak en, op z’n best gezegd, werden genegeerd door de overheden. Pogingen om vakbonden op te richten werden tegengewerkt door middel van massaontslagen, intimidatie, lukrake represailles gericht tegen alle werknemers en sluitingen van fabrieken.”

Daar de CAFTA de werkstandaard dreigt te verzwakken die door het GSP (Generalized System of Preferences) uit het Clinton-tijdperk en de Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act waren ingesteld, zal het de pogingen van fabriekseigenaren om de vrijheid van vereniging en het recht om een vakbond op te richten tegen te houden, alleen maar stimuleren. Daarom wordt de CAFTA niet alleen door de AFL-CIO tegengehouden, maar ook door een grote groep Midden Amerikaanse werkgeversorganisaties.

Democratisch ingestelde milieuveiligheidsvoorschriften worden ook in gevaar gebracht door de CAFTA. Eerdere handelsbepalingen, zoals hoofdstuk 11 uit de NAFTA, geven grote ondernemingen het recht om overheden te vervolgen voor milieubeschermingsmaatregelen (en wetten) die hun toekomstige winsten bedreigen, omdat dit oneerlijke handelsbelemmeringen zouden zijn. In 1998 werd de staat Canada aangeklaagd door Ethyl Corporation vanwege het verbod op MMT, een toevoeging aan benzine. Canada koos ervoor om de milieumaatregel ongedaan te maken en Ethyl Corporation 13 miljoen dollar te betalen, om zo niet de 251 miljoen aan schadeclaims te riskeren. De staat Californi kreeg eenzelfde aanval te verduren vanwege hun verbod op MTBE, een bewezen watervervuiler die schade kan toebrengen aan de gezondheid van mens en dier.

Betekent de CAFTA dat de werking van hoofdstuk 11 uit de NAFTA wijder wordt verspreid? Waarschijnlijk wel. Maar aangezien de onderhandelingen in het geheim plaatsvinden, zal dit pas op het allerlaatste moment duidelijk worden.

Wat erger is, is dat als er over de overeenkomst zal worden gestemd, wetgevers niet in staat zullen zijn om met amendementen dergelijke offensieve beleidspunten te weren. Afgelopen juli drukte president Bush de geldigheid door van een “fast track”-traject voor handelsonderhandelingen in het Huis van Afgevaardigden, dwars tegen de bezwaren van 212 afgevaardigden in. Dit wetsvoorstel schrijft voor dat het Congres unaniem het handelsbeleid aanneemt of verwerpt. Zoals congreslid Sandy Levin (Democraat voor Michigan) verklaart, blijft er hiermee slechts “een minimale, onbetekenende en last minute rol over voor het Congres, in een tijd waarin handelsbeleid steeds onlosmakelijker verweven raakt met alle terreinen van de binnenlandse politiek.”

Met eenzelfde berekenende haast willen de ministers van handel in december 2003 de CAFTA onderhandelingen afronden, voordat nieuwe verkiezingen in Midden Amerika leiders zouden kunnen voortbrengen die tegen het pact zijn. El Salvador blijft een aandachtspunt: pre-CAFTA pogingen om openbare diensten (zoals gezondheidszorg en basisvoorzieningen) te privatiseren hebben het huidige rechtse regime over een brede linie in diskrediet gebracht. Mocht de bevolking van El Salvador in maart 2004 een president kiezen uit de huidige oppositie, dan zou het Witte Huis het liefst de nieuwe regering vastpinnen op het handelsbeleid dat door de vertrokken president werd bekrachtigd.

Tot zover over vrijheid. De waarheid is dat de CAFTA geen democratie zal voorstaan. En democratie is de laatste hoop om de CAFTA tot zinken te brengen.

Mark Engler

Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia and an editorial board member at Dissent magazine. His latest book, written with Paul Engler, is entitled This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century.

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Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia and an editorial board member at Dissent magazine. His latest book, written with Paul Engler, is entitled This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century (Nation Books). Mark’s full bio is available here.

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