Democracy Uprising
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      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

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      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

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      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

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      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

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      This new model for upholding labor law may…

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      Does It Make Sense to Protest a President…

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      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

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      Climate of Change: An “Inside-Outside” Strategy Against Global…

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  • Translations
    • All Deutsch Español Français Italiano Japanese Português Arabic Thai Chinese
      Translations

      Jordlösa kombinerar radikala visioner med praktiska reformer (Swedish)

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

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      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

      Español

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      Deutsch

      Die nicht-reformistischen Reformen von André Gorz

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      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

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      泛美洲人 爱德华多·加莱亚诺的世界 (Chinese)

      Deutsch

      Die nicht-reformistischen Reformen von André Gorz

      Deutsch

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      Deutsch

      Mikrokredite: Die Entlassung eines Nobelpreisträgers

      Deutsch

      CAFTA – am besten stillschweigend beerdigen

      Deutsch

      Bush in Mexiko

      Deutsch

      Das globale Duell in Evian

      Deutsch

      Die Rückkehr des Daniel Ortega

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Español

      Las reformas no reformistas de André Gorz

      Español

      ¿Adoptará el nuevo papa la teología de la…

      Español

      Wall Street quiere que les estemos agradecidos

      Español

      Si Las Monjas Se Fueran a una Huelga,…

      Español

      ALEC retrocede; a la derecha le da un…

      Español

      ¿ALEC disgustado ante la pérdida de patrocinadores? Se…

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      Le pari risqué du populisme au Pérou

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      Hong Kong Phooey

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      Bush Nuit Même Aux Compagnies U.S.

      Français

      Le dynamisme du mouvement pour la paix

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      La déroute de l’ALCA dans une Miami en…

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      Ceux qui ne comptent pas

      Français

      La guerre en Irak : une expo des…

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

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      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

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      La strategia di Gandhi per il successo –…

      Italiano

      Le promesse infrante di Obama

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      IL BANK TRANSFER DAY: UN SUCCESSO

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      Come il movimento Occupiamo Wall Street si sta…

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      Economia tabù

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      ガンジーはどのように勝利したのか? (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Truth Versus Superpower (Japanese)

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      Revenge of the Combat Cartoonist (Japanese)

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      Bush’s Uneasy Mexican Visita (Japanese)

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      Mark Twain in Iraq (Japanese)

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      Globalization’s “Lost Decade” (Japanese)

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      Hawks Say the Damnedest Things (Japanese)

      Português

      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

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      A vida na Nação Prisão

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      Outro pretexto?

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      O império hipotecado

      Arabic

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      Arabic

      The Return of Daniel Ortega (in Arabic)

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      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (in…

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      2006: A Global Justice Year in Review (In…

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Democracy Uprising

  • About
    • About Mark Engler
    • About Democracy Uprising
  • Books
    • This Is An Uprising
    • How To Rule the World
  • Topics
    • All Essays / First Person Global Economy Immigration Labor Latin America Social Movements Religion U.S. Politics / Elections War / Militarism Book Reviews Environment
      Social Movements

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      Social Movements

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      Blog

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      2023-2025

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      Social Movements

      How to make sure your disruptive protest helps…

      Social Movements

      Why protests work, even when not everybody likes…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      Social Movements

      Strategy is a Craft

      Essays / First Person

      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

      Essays / First Person

      On the Price is Right

      Essays / First Person

      The Last Porto Alegre

      Essays / First Person

      Six Essays About War and About Peace

      Essays / First Person

      Republicans Among Us

      Essays / First Person

      New York Says “No”

      Essays / First Person

      The Sideshow Rebels

      Essays / First Person

      A Week in New York

      Global Economy

      Meet the Bailout’s New Slush Fund for Corporate…

      Global Economy

      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Global Economy

      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Global Economy

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

      Global Economy

      The Godfather of Microcredit

      Global Economy

      Capitalism as Catastrophe

      Global Economy

      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Global Economy

      The World Is Not Flat

      Immigration

      When Undocumented Activists Infiltrated ICE

      Immigration

      The Children of Intervention

      Immigration

      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Immigration

      Science Fiction From Below

      Immigration

      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

      Immigration

      Treated Like a Criminal

      Immigration

      When Sanctuary is Resistance

      Immigration

      The Massive Immigrants Rights Protests of 2006 Are…

      Labor

      This new model for upholding labor law may…

      Labor

      Democrats Won Power in Several States. Will They…

      Labor

      The Case for a Social Distancing Wage

      Labor

      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Labor

      Reviving the General Strike

      Labor

      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Labor

      There’s Still Power in a Strike

      Labor

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

      Latin America

      How movements can maintain their radical vision while winning…

      Latin America

      The Pan American

      Latin America

      Lessons from the Pledge of Resistance

      Latin America

      The Children of Intervention

      Latin America

      Against Shithole Nationalism

      Latin America

      The Last Porto Alegre

      Latin America

      Kissinger Is Not Our Friend

      Latin America

      Even If You Have Nothing to Hide

      Social Movements

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      Social Movements

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      Social Movements

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      Social Movements

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      Social Movements

      How to make sure your disruptive protest helps…

      Social Movements

      Why protests work, even when not everybody likes…

      Social Movements

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      Social Movements

      Strategy is a Craft

      Religion

      In God’s Country

      Religion

      Reverend Billy’s Holiday Shopocalypse

      Religion

      Toward the “Rights of the Poor”

      Religion

      The Pope and the Poor

      Religion

      Will the Next Pope Embrace Liberation Theology?

      Religion

      Remembering Romero

      Religion

      John Paul II’s Economic Ethics

      Religion

      Against the God of Free Trade

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Strategy is a Craft

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Think #MeToo didn’t make a real difference? Think…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      This new model for upholding labor law may…

      War / Militarism

      Does It Make Sense to Protest a President…

      War / Militarism

      Lessons from the Pledge of Resistance

      War / Militarism

      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

      War / Militarism

      War: The Wrong Jobs Program

      War / Militarism

      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

      War / Militarism

      Those Who Don’t Count

      War / Militarism

      Six Essays About War and About Peace

      War / Militarism

      The Dangerous Dignity of War

      Book Reviews

      The Pan American

      Book Reviews

      The Godfather of Microcredit

      Book Reviews

      Capitalism as Catastrophe

      Book Reviews

      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

      Book Reviews

      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

      Book Reviews

      Ordinary Outrages

      Book Reviews

      No Better Place

      Book Reviews

      In God’s Country

      Environment

      Why Wendell Matters

      Environment

      The Gulf at the Gas Station

      Environment

      Climate Disobedience

      Environment

      Farming the Everglades

      Environment

      The Winter of the Climate Denier

      Environment

      Climate of Change: An “Inside-Outside” Strategy Against Global…

      Environment

      Provoking an American Climate Crisis

      Environment

      The Real “Farmer” Story: So God Made High-Fructose…

  • Translations
    • All Deutsch Español Français Italiano Japanese Português Arabic Thai Chinese
      Translations

      Jordlösa kombinerar radikala visioner med praktiska reformer (Swedish)

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

      Português

      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

      Español

      Las reformas no reformistas de André Gorz

      Deutsch

      Die nicht-reformistischen Reformen von André Gorz

      Italiano

      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

      Chinese

      泛美洲人 爱德华多·加莱亚诺的世界 (Chinese)

      Deutsch

      Die nicht-reformistischen Reformen von André Gorz

      Deutsch

      Als Martin Luther King seine Feuerwaffen aufgab

      Deutsch

      Mikrokredite: Die Entlassung eines Nobelpreisträgers

      Deutsch

      CAFTA – am besten stillschweigend beerdigen

      Deutsch

      Bush in Mexiko

      Deutsch

      Das globale Duell in Evian

      Deutsch

      Die Rückkehr des Daniel Ortega

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Español

      Las reformas no reformistas de André Gorz

      Español

      ¿Adoptará el nuevo papa la teología de la…

      Español

      Wall Street quiere que les estemos agradecidos

      Español

      Si Las Monjas Se Fueran a una Huelga,…

      Español

      ALEC retrocede; a la derecha le da un…

      Español

      ¿ALEC disgustado ante la pérdida de patrocinadores? Se…

      Español

      La vida en la nación prisión

      Français

      La révolution non-violente a-t-elle échoué en Egypte?

      Français

      Le pari risqué du populisme au Pérou

      Français

      Hong Kong Phooey

      Français

      Bush Nuit Même Aux Compagnies U.S.

      Français

      Le dynamisme du mouvement pour la paix

      Français

      La déroute de l’ALCA dans une Miami en…

      Français

      Ceux qui ne comptent pas

      Français

      La guerre en Irak : une expo des…

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

      Italiano

      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

      Italiano

      La strategia di Gandhi per il successo –…

      Italiano

      Le promesse infrante di Obama

      Italiano

      Guantanamo deve sparire

      Italiano

      IL BANK TRANSFER DAY: UN SUCCESSO

      Italiano

      Come il movimento Occupiamo Wall Street si sta…

      Italiano

      Economia tabù

      Japanese

      ガンジーはどのように勝利したのか? (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Truth Versus Superpower (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Bad Business Empire (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Revenge of the Combat Cartoonist (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Uneasy Mexican Visita (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Mark Twain in Iraq (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Globalization’s “Lost Decade” (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Hawks Say the Damnedest Things (Japanese)

      Português

      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

      Português

      A vida na Nação Prisão

      Português

      Outro pretexto?

      Português

      Imigração tem efeito positivo sobre emprego e salários

      Português

      O império hipotecado

      Arabic

      Abandoning the World Bank (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      The Return of Daniel Ortega (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Where’s The Jubilee? (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      The Last Porto Alegre (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Seattle At Five (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (in…

      Arabic

      Mexico’s Democratic Transition Still Incomplete (in Arabic)

      Thai

      Progressive Good Tidings of 2007 (in Thai)

      Thai

      2006: A Global Justice Year in Review (In…

      Thai

      WTO: Best Left For Dead? (In Thai)

      Thai

      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (In…

      Thai

      Bush’s Bad Business Empire (In Thai)

      Thai

      The Last Porto Alegre [Thai]

      Thai

      Globalizers, Neocons, or… ? (in Thai)

      Chinese

      泛美洲人 爱德华多·加莱亚诺的世界 (Chinese)

      Chinese

      Why Wendell Matters (in Chinese)

      Chinese

      Globalization’s Watchdogs (in Chinese)

    • Other Translations
  • Appearances
  • Archive
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TranslationsChineseChinese

Globalization’s Watchdogs (in Chinese)

by Mark Engler May 26, 2006
written by Mark Engler May 26, 2006
Globalization’s Watchdogs (in Chinese)

Translated into Chinese by Young Turks.


玻利維亞總統莫拉列斯(Evo Morales)於五月初宣布,將國內石油與天然氣產業收回國有,他不僅是指引了一條國家發展的道路,這項政策的後續國際反應更顯示出,多數英美媒體其實都是企­業全球化論調的看門狗。由於玻國能源大多出口至巴西及阿根廷,且這項政策對後續幾週的全球天然氣價格影響不大,莫拉列斯的決定對美國直接衝擊其實很小,但儘管如­此,過去這段時間以來,英美媒體仍出現了許多歇斯底里的批判聲浪。

美國國務卿萊斯(Condoleezza Rice)批評這是一項「煽動行為」,產業團體警告莫拉列斯「走上一條危險之路」,各報社論的文筆則更為偏激:《華爾街日報》稱「又一個拉丁美洲瘋子廢止了合約­精神」;英國《經濟學人》警告「玻利維亞經濟可能倒退」,且「人民也可能更加貧困」。不過和其他媒體相比,上述兩者的論點倒還算和顏悅色,《洛杉磯時報》寫道:­「莫拉列斯在本週將他的頭放進烤箱後打開瓦斯,到最後只有兩種可能:一是他把自己的政治生命炸掉,一是讓玻國人民慢慢窒息而死。」

紐約的《今日新聞報》炮火更為猛烈,專欄作家平克頓(James Pinkerton)表示:「與其說玻利維亞將能源國有化,不如說這個國家偷走了外國企業的資產」,該報社論則統稱玻利維亞、古巴、委內瑞拉為「白癡軸心」(A­xis of Idiocy),並強調「在全球化時代,將國內主要產業收回國有等於將經濟導向滅亡」,不過因為近年來主要產業收回國有的情況鮮少發生,該報並未提出任何例子以­為論點之佐證,該報亦未解釋為何拉美國家在放棄新自由主義的全球化政策後,就必然應會造成經濟崩潰。

在報導中,《洛杉磯時報》指出了一項重點:「外資長期剝削玻利維亞的資源,但當地民眾卻少有獲益」,不過該報隨後也表示:「派遣軍方進駐天然氣廠絕非解決玻國問­題之道。」上述這些觀察都忽視了事件背後的成因,撰寫社論者直觀認為將能源產業收歸國有將導致經濟災難,但卻視而不見新自由主義在過去廿年所造成的長期災害。

玻利維亞在八零年代曾是國營事業民營化先驅,遵從國際貨幣基金的建議實行經濟結構調整方案,改革事後證明有利於跨國能源企業,卻未幫助到玻國民眾,今日 64%的玻國民眾生活困苦,其中多數每日生活費用不及兩美元,「經濟及政策研究中心」於三月發表的報告中指陳,根據國際貨幣基金的資料,目前玻利維亞的實質人均­GDP比27年前還低。

所幸在一片批判聲中,媒體界還有少數理智的聲音,他們並不認為莫拉列斯的政策將使玻利維亞經濟衰退,例如長期支持「自由貿易」的《紐約時報》即刊登了題為「玻國­經濟不會失火」的文章,文中指出在莫拉列斯的新政策中,外國能源企業並不會被踢出玻利維亞,只是要以獲利較少的方式與政府合作,莫拉列斯希望增加國家對天然資源­的掌握,並重新調整在民營化時代刻意獨厚企業的合約,文章作者包沃斯(William Powers)寫道:「外國企業在玻利維亞的利潤未來雖將不若以往,但他們還是會獲利。」

倫敦《獨立報》則表示:「能源礦藏本就是國家資產,故政府有權主控並從中獲益」,就連向來質疑莫拉列斯的《金融時報》亦認為,國家利用天然資源「的開採權及稅賦­爭取最大利益,本來就沒有任何錯。」並非所有經濟學家都否定莫拉列斯的新政策,特別是諾貝爾經濟學獎得主、前世界銀行首席經濟學家史提格里茲(Joseph Stiglitz)便公開支持莫拉列斯,史提格里茲於5月17日與玻國總統見面之後,表示「玻國歷經了所有新自由主義政策下的苦痛,卻絲毫沒有任何獲益,所以他­們顯然必須改變經濟政策」。

史提格里茲甚至認為,玻利維亞過去在能源產業民營化時並未經過國會同意,故整件事根本就是違法在先,他強調:「若一個人被搶走了一幅畫,最後再將這幅畫交還給這­個人,這叫做物歸原主,而非失主奪人財物。」

有些人則批評莫拉列斯的新政策顯示玻利維亞民主改革不足,但他們可能都忘了莫拉列斯在競選時就以能源產業收回國有為政見,才在總統大選中贏得壓倒性勝利,所以莫­拉列斯其實只是在兌現競選支票,這對於企業全球化理論的看門狗而言或許很突兀,但事實我們應該以此讚揚莫拉列斯,當英美媒體大多對玻利維亞發出經濟警訊,媒體卻­都忽略了當地民主發展的一大進步,畢竟此次民主與新自由主義理論對立的時刻,勝出的是民主制度。

Mark Engler

Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia and an editorial board member at Dissent magazine. His latest book, written with Paul Engler, is entitled This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century.

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Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia and an editorial board member at Dissent magazine. His latest book, written with Paul Engler, is entitled This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century (Nation Books). Mark’s full bio is available here.

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