Democracy Uprising
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      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

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      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

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      How to make sure your disruptive protest helps…

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      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

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Democracy Uprising

  • About
    • About Mark Engler
    • About Democracy Uprising
  • Books
    • This Is An Uprising
    • How To Rule the World
  • Topics
    • All Immigration Labor Latin America Social Movements Religion U.S. Politics / Elections War / Militarism Book Reviews Environment Essays / First Person Global Economy
      Social Movements

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      Social Movements

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      Blog

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      2023-2025

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      Social Movements

      How to make sure your disruptive protest helps…

      Social Movements

      Why protests work, even when not everybody likes…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      Social Movements

      Strategy is a Craft

      Immigration

      When Undocumented Activists Infiltrated ICE

      Immigration

      The Children of Intervention

      Immigration

      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Immigration

      Science Fiction From Below

      Immigration

      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

      Immigration

      Treated Like a Criminal

      Immigration

      When Sanctuary is Resistance

      Immigration

      The Massive Immigrants Rights Protests of 2006 Are…

      Labor

      This new model for upholding labor law may…

      Labor

      Democrats Won Power in Several States. Will They…

      Labor

      The Case for a Social Distancing Wage

      Labor

      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Labor

      Reviving the General Strike

      Labor

      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Labor

      There’s Still Power in a Strike

      Labor

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

      Latin America

      How movements can maintain their radical vision while winning…

      Latin America

      The Pan American

      Latin America

      Lessons from the Pledge of Resistance

      Latin America

      The Children of Intervention

      Latin America

      Against Shithole Nationalism

      Latin America

      The Last Porto Alegre

      Latin America

      Kissinger Is Not Our Friend

      Latin America

      Even If You Have Nothing to Hide

      Social Movements

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      Social Movements

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      Social Movements

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      Social Movements

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      Social Movements

      How to make sure your disruptive protest helps…

      Social Movements

      Why protests work, even when not everybody likes…

      Social Movements

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      Social Movements

      Strategy is a Craft

      Religion

      In God’s Country

      Religion

      Reverend Billy’s Holiday Shopocalypse

      Religion

      Toward the “Rights of the Poor”

      Religion

      The Pope and the Poor

      Religion

      Will the Next Pope Embrace Liberation Theology?

      Religion

      Remembering Romero

      Religion

      John Paul II’s Economic Ethics

      Religion

      Against the God of Free Trade

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Strategy is a Craft

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Think #MeToo didn’t make a real difference? Think…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      This new model for upholding labor law may…

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      Does It Make Sense to Protest a President…

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      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

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      War: The Wrong Jobs Program

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      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

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      Those Who Don’t Count

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      Six Essays About War and About Peace

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      The Dangerous Dignity of War

      Book Reviews

      The Pan American

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      Capitalism as Catastrophe

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      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

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      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

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      Ordinary Outrages

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      No Better Place

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      In God’s Country

      Environment

      Why Wendell Matters

      Environment

      The Gulf at the Gas Station

      Environment

      Climate Disobedience

      Environment

      Farming the Everglades

      Environment

      The Winter of the Climate Denier

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      Climate of Change: An “Inside-Outside” Strategy Against Global…

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      Provoking an American Climate Crisis

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      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

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      Republicans Among Us

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      Meet the Bailout’s New Slush Fund for Corporate…

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      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

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      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Global Economy

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

      Global Economy

      The Godfather of Microcredit

      Global Economy

      Capitalism as Catastrophe

      Global Economy

      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Global Economy

      The World Is Not Flat

  • Translations
    • All Français Italiano Japanese Português Arabic Thai Chinese Deutsch Español
      Translations

      Jordlösa kombinerar radikala visioner med praktiska reformer (Swedish)

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

      Português

      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

      Español

      Las reformas no reformistas de André Gorz

      Deutsch

      Die nicht-reformistischen Reformen von André Gorz

      Italiano

      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

      Chinese

      泛美洲人 爱德华多·加莱亚诺的世界 (Chinese)

      Français

      La révolution non-violente a-t-elle échoué en Egypte?

      Français

      Le pari risqué du populisme au Pérou

      Français

      Hong Kong Phooey

      Français

      Bush Nuit Même Aux Compagnies U.S.

      Français

      Le dynamisme du mouvement pour la paix

      Français

      La déroute de l’ALCA dans une Miami en…

      Français

      Ceux qui ne comptent pas

      Français

      La guerre en Irak : une expo des…

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

      Italiano

      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

      Italiano

      La strategia di Gandhi per il successo –…

      Italiano

      Le promesse infrante di Obama

      Italiano

      Guantanamo deve sparire

      Italiano

      IL BANK TRANSFER DAY: UN SUCCESSO

      Italiano

      Come il movimento Occupiamo Wall Street si sta…

      Italiano

      Economia tabù

      Japanese

      ガンジーはどのように勝利したのか? (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Truth Versus Superpower (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Bad Business Empire (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Revenge of the Combat Cartoonist (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Uneasy Mexican Visita (Japanese)

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      Mark Twain in Iraq (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Globalization’s “Lost Decade” (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Hawks Say the Damnedest Things (Japanese)

      Português

      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

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      A vida na Nação Prisão

      Português

      Outro pretexto?

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      Imigração tem efeito positivo sobre emprego e salários

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      O império hipotecado

      Arabic

      Abandoning the World Bank (in Arabic)

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      The Return of Daniel Ortega (in Arabic)

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      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (in…

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      2006: A Global Justice Year in Review (In…

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      WTO: Best Left For Dead? (In Thai)

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      Wall Street quiere que les estemos agradecidos

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      ALEC retrocede; a la derecha le da un…

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UncategorizedEspañol

El modelo de El Salvador

by Mark Engler December 16, 2004
written by Mark Engler December 16, 2004
El modelo de El Salvador

Lo que comenzó siendo un extraño comentario de Dick Cheney en el debate vicepresidencial se ha convertido ahora en un patrón. Los conservadores han citado repetidamente a la nación centroamericana de El Salvador como modelo para la construcción de la democracia en Irak y Afganistán.

Destrozado por la guerra civil en los años 80, desde entonces El Salvador ha hecho la transición a una democracia estable. Sin embargo, las torcidas lecciones que los halcones de la administración Bush han sacado de la intervención en este país durante la era de Reagan sugieren una ceguera voluntaria, incluso ante las consecuencias más asesinas de la política exterior norteamericana de la Guerra Fría. Nos dan razones para observar de nuevo críticamente las acciones que la Casa Blanca está tomando bajo el pretexto de promover la libertad.

Durante una visita a mediados de noviembre a El Salvador, la única nación latinoamericana que actualmente tiene tropas en la “coalición de los dispuestos” de EEUU, el Secretario de Defensa Donald Rumsfeld alabó al gobierno conservador de ese país. Él dijo que El Salvador “comprende bien la lucha humana por la libertad y la democracia”.

Al hacer un paralelo con Irak, el Secretario se hizo eco de los comentarios de Cheney en su debate del 5 de octubre con John Edwards. El vicepresidente argumentó que en El Salvador de los años 80 “una insurgencia guerrillera controlaba aproximadamente la tercera parte del país, 75 000 personas murieron. Y celebramos elecciones libres. Yo estuve allí como observador a nombre del Congreso… Y cuando los terroristas llegaban y tiroteaban los colegios electorales, en cuanto se marchaban regresaban los electores y se ponían en cola y no permitían que se les negara su derecho a votar. Y en la actualidad El Salvador está… mucho mejor porque celebramos elecciones libres”.

Hay un serio problema con esta historia. Las 75 000 personas que Cheney mencionó ciertamente fueron asesinadas por terroristas, pero no por las fuerzas rebeldes del FMLN que él quiso condenar. En realidad estuvieron bajo el ataque del propio gobierno salvadoreño que la administración Reagan estaba apoyando y de los escuadrones paramilitares de la muerte. Con una lista de políticos opositores ya ejecutados o en el exilio, las elecciones de 1984 fueron poco más que una farsa destinada a dar respetabilidad democrática a un régimen que estaba perpetrando algunos de los peores abusos de derechos humanos en el hemisferio.

Antes de que los acuerdos de paz terminaran con la guerra civil en 1992, Estados Unidos entregó al ensangrentado gobierno salvadoreño más de $6 mil millones de dólares en ayuda.

Los hechos de la historia salvadoreña fueron establecidos definitivamente en 1993 por una comisión de la verdad patrocinada por Naciones Unidas. Se llegó a la conclusión de que el 85 por ciento de las atrocidades en el conflicto fueron cometidas por el ejército y sus protegidos, con los rebeldes responsables del 5 por ciento y el 10 por ciento restante indeterminado.

“El ejército, las fuerzas de seguridad y los escuadrones de la muerte vinculados a ellos cometieron masacres de a veces cientos de personas al mismo tiempo”, reportó la comisión de la verdad. Entre los crímenes que la administración Reagan había intentado ocultar o negar estuvo el asesinato de seis sacerdotes jesuitas, la matanza de cientos de aldeanos y el asesinato del arzobispo Óscar Romero.

Incluso si la participación de EEUU en el país no fuera suficientemente condenatoria, no hay certeza de qué lecciones quisiera sacar del conflicto la actual administración. Mientras que El Salvador experimentó una guerra civil convencional con adversarios claramente definidos, la invasión de Irak ha creado una amplia y variada resistencia. Ha colocado a los soldados norteamericanos en un tipo de guerra de guerrillas que incluso muchos expertos en contra-insurgencia consideran que es imposible ganar.

Por supuesto, “ganar” según los términos del Presidente George W. Bush puede no ser deseable, especialmente si significa usar a Irak como una base a largo plazo desde el cual se proyecte el poder militar. En El Salvador fue sólo después de que terminara la Guerra Fría y Estados Unidos suavizara su obsesión anticomunista que la ONU y otros mediadores internacionales pudieron ayudar a facilitar una transición a la democracia –algo que el FMLN deseaba desde hacía mucho tiempo y que al pueblo iraquí puede que se le niegue por mucho tiempo.

La actual democracia de El Salvador no es perfecta, y las intervenciones de EEUU en las más recientes elecciones –amenazas apenas veladas de que los votos a favor del FMLN, ahora el principal partido opositor, provocarían represalias de la Casa Blanca– no han ayudado mucho. Pero los años desde que se suspendió el apoyo norteamericano han sido testigos de mejoría. Las más claras lecciones del modelo de El Salvador son que la Casa Blanca es suficientemente capaz de perpetrar crímenes en nombre de la libertad. Y de que la retirada de EEUU a veces puede ser el mayor servicio a la libertad.

Mark Engler

Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia and an editorial board member at Dissent magazine. His latest book, written with Paul Engler, is entitled This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century.

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The Author

Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia and an editorial board member at Dissent magazine. His latest book, written with Paul Engler, is entitled This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century (Nation Books). Mark’s full bio is available here.

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