Democracy Uprising
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      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

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      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

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      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

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      Translations

      Jordlösa kombinerar radikala visioner med praktiska reformer (Swedish)

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

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      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

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      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

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      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

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      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

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      La strategia di Gandhi per il successo –…

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      Le promesse infrante di Obama

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      IL BANK TRANSFER DAY: UN SUCCESSO

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      Come il movimento Occupiamo Wall Street si sta…

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      Japanese

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      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

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Democracy Uprising

  • About
    • About Mark Engler
    • About Democracy Uprising
  • Books
    • This Is An Uprising
    • How To Rule the World
  • Topics
    • All Social Movements Religion U.S. Politics / Elections War / Militarism Book Reviews Environment Essays / First Person Global Economy Immigration Labor Latin America
      Social Movements

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      Latest Articles

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      Blog

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      Social Movements

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      Social Movements

      How to make sure your disruptive protest helps…

      Social Movements

      Why protests work, even when not everybody likes…

      Social Movements

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Strategy is a Craft

      Social Movements

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      Social Movements

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      Social Movements

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      Social Movements

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      Social Movements

      How to make sure your disruptive protest helps…

      Social Movements

      Why protests work, even when not everybody likes…

      Social Movements

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      Social Movements

      Strategy is a Craft

      Religion

      In God’s Country

      Religion

      Reverend Billy’s Holiday Shopocalypse

      Religion

      Toward the “Rights of the Poor”

      Religion

      The Pope and the Poor

      Religion

      Will the Next Pope Embrace Liberation Theology?

      Religion

      Remembering Romero

      Religion

      John Paul II’s Economic Ethics

      Religion

      Against the God of Free Trade

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Could we be entering a ‘movement moment’ against…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Trump’s backpedaling shows he’s not invincible

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      It’s going to take multiple strategies to win…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      A new wave of movements against Trumpism is…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Harold Washington’s lessons for taking on a political…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Strategy is a Craft

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Think #MeToo didn’t make a real difference? Think…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      This new model for upholding labor law may…

      War / Militarism

      Does It Make Sense to Protest a President…

      War / Militarism

      Lessons from the Pledge of Resistance

      War / Militarism

      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

      War / Militarism

      War: The Wrong Jobs Program

      War / Militarism

      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

      War / Militarism

      Those Who Don’t Count

      War / Militarism

      Six Essays About War and About Peace

      War / Militarism

      The Dangerous Dignity of War

      Book Reviews

      The Pan American

      Book Reviews

      The Godfather of Microcredit

      Book Reviews

      Capitalism as Catastrophe

      Book Reviews

      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

      Book Reviews

      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

      Book Reviews

      Ordinary Outrages

      Book Reviews

      No Better Place

      Book Reviews

      In God’s Country

      Environment

      Why Wendell Matters

      Environment

      The Gulf at the Gas Station

      Environment

      Climate Disobedience

      Environment

      Farming the Everglades

      Environment

      The Winter of the Climate Denier

      Environment

      Climate of Change: An “Inside-Outside” Strategy Against Global…

      Environment

      Provoking an American Climate Crisis

      Environment

      The Real “Farmer” Story: So God Made High-Fructose…

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      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

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      On the Price is Right

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      The Last Porto Alegre

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      Six Essays About War and About Peace

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      Republicans Among Us

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      New York Says “No”

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      The Sideshow Rebels

      Essays / First Person

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      Global Economy

      Meet the Bailout’s New Slush Fund for Corporate…

      Global Economy

      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Global Economy

      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Global Economy

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

      Global Economy

      The Godfather of Microcredit

      Global Economy

      Capitalism as Catastrophe

      Global Economy

      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Global Economy

      The World Is Not Flat

      Immigration

      When Undocumented Activists Infiltrated ICE

      Immigration

      The Children of Intervention

      Immigration

      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Immigration

      Science Fiction From Below

      Immigration

      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

      Immigration

      Treated Like a Criminal

      Immigration

      When Sanctuary is Resistance

      Immigration

      The Massive Immigrants Rights Protests of 2006 Are…

      Labor

      This new model for upholding labor law may…

      Labor

      Democrats Won Power in Several States. Will They…

      Labor

      The Case for a Social Distancing Wage

      Labor

      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Labor

      Reviving the General Strike

      Labor

      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Labor

      There’s Still Power in a Strike

      Labor

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

      Latin America

      How movements can maintain their radical vision while winning…

      Latin America

      The Pan American

      Latin America

      Lessons from the Pledge of Resistance

      Latin America

      The Children of Intervention

      Latin America

      Against Shithole Nationalism

      Latin America

      The Last Porto Alegre

      Latin America

      Kissinger Is Not Our Friend

      Latin America

      Even If You Have Nothing to Hide

  • Translations
    • All Italiano Japanese Português Arabic Thai Chinese Deutsch Español Français
      Translations

      Jordlösa kombinerar radikala visioner med praktiska reformer (Swedish)

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

      Português

      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

      Español

      Las reformas no reformistas de André Gorz

      Deutsch

      Die nicht-reformistischen Reformen von André Gorz

      Italiano

      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

      Chinese

      泛美洲人 爱德华多·加莱亚诺的世界 (Chinese)

      Italiano

      C’è più di un modo per colpire il…

      Italiano

      Richieste dei movimenti: sia pratiche che visionarie

      Italiano

      La strategia di Gandhi per il successo –…

      Italiano

      Le promesse infrante di Obama

      Italiano

      Guantanamo deve sparire

      Italiano

      IL BANK TRANSFER DAY: UN SUCCESSO

      Italiano

      Come il movimento Occupiamo Wall Street si sta…

      Italiano

      Economia tabù

      Japanese

      ガンジーはどのように勝利したのか? (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Truth Versus Superpower (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Bad Business Empire (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Revenge of the Combat Cartoonist (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Uneasy Mexican Visita (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Mark Twain in Iraq (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Globalization’s “Lost Decade” (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Hawks Say the Damnedest Things (Japanese)

      Português

      As reformas não reformistas de André Gorz mostram…

      Português

      A vida na Nação Prisão

      Português

      Outro pretexto?

      Português

      Imigração tem efeito positivo sobre emprego e salários

      Português

      O império hipotecado

      Arabic

      Abandoning the World Bank (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      The Return of Daniel Ortega (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Where’s The Jubilee? (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      The Last Porto Alegre (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Seattle At Five (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (in…

      Arabic

      Mexico’s Democratic Transition Still Incomplete (in Arabic)

      Thai

      Progressive Good Tidings of 2007 (in Thai)

      Thai

      2006: A Global Justice Year in Review (In…

      Thai

      WTO: Best Left For Dead? (In Thai)

      Thai

      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (In…

      Thai

      Bush’s Bad Business Empire (In Thai)

      Thai

      The Last Porto Alegre [Thai]

      Thai

      Globalizers, Neocons, or… ? (in Thai)

      Chinese

      泛美洲人 爱德华多·加莱亚诺的世界 (Chinese)

      Chinese

      Why Wendell Matters (in Chinese)

      Chinese

      Globalization’s Watchdogs (in Chinese)

      Deutsch

      Die nicht-reformistischen Reformen von André Gorz

      Deutsch

      Als Martin Luther King seine Feuerwaffen aufgab

      Deutsch

      Mikrokredite: Die Entlassung eines Nobelpreisträgers

      Deutsch

      CAFTA – am besten stillschweigend beerdigen

      Deutsch

      Bush in Mexiko

      Deutsch

      Das globale Duell in Evian

      Deutsch

      Die Rückkehr des Daniel Ortega

      Español

      Hacer Que Nuestras Demandas Sean Tanto Orácticas Como…

      Español

      Las reformas no reformistas de André Gorz

      Español

      ¿Adoptará el nuevo papa la teología de la…

      Español

      Wall Street quiere que les estemos agradecidos

      Español

      Si Las Monjas Se Fueran a una Huelga,…

      Español

      ALEC retrocede; a la derecha le da un…

      Español

      ¿ALEC disgustado ante la pérdida de patrocinadores? Se…

      Español

      La vida en la nación prisión

      Français

      La révolution non-violente a-t-elle échoué en Egypte?

      Français

      Le pari risqué du populisme au Pérou

      Français

      Hong Kong Phooey

      Français

      Bush Nuit Même Aux Compagnies U.S.

      Français

      Le dynamisme du mouvement pour la paix

      Français

      La déroute de l’ALCA dans une Miami en…

      Français

      Ceux qui ne comptent pas

      Français

      La guerre en Irak : une expo des…

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TranslationsJapanese

Globalization’s “Lost Decade” (Japanese)

by Mark Engler August 14, 2003
written by Mark Engler August 14, 2003
Globalization’s “Lost Decade” (Japanese)

Translated into Japanese by TUP Bulletin.


 

ビル・クリントンの時代から過激分子ジョージ・W・ブッシュの現在までを見渡 せば、いくつかの点、とりわけ世界でもっとも貧しい諸国に対する政策におい て、このふたりの大統領には共通項がある。両首脳とも、「自由貿易」と企業活 動のグローバル化(世界規模化)を賞揚した。その過程において、両者とも、発 展途上諸国経済にとって災禍としか言えない政策を強行した。

先日7月8日に公表された国連開発計画(UNDP)の年次刊行物、人間開発報 告は、イギリスのガーディアン紙が「失われた10年」と表現する現状を明かし ている。1990年代の経済繁栄期に、アメリカ通商代表部と国際通貨基金
(IMF)は、企業活動グローバル化の進展が上げ潮となって、すべての国の経 済浮揚につながると約束した。現実には、その10年の間にかえって貧困が深 刻化した諸国は、54ヶ国にもおよんだ。

国民の大半が1日1ドル以下の収入で暮らし、あるいは平均寿命がアメリカの それの半分以下である地域では、このような経済の落込みは深刻な結果を招く ことになる。

世界的な貧困は痛ましいが、貧しい国の人びとは自らの責任を問わなければな らないとアメリカ国民は思いこみがちである。たしかに、発展途上諸国に腐敗 構造、不適切な経済運営、日和見政治といった惨状がないわけではない。だが、
富裕諸国が推進する開発政策が(貧しい国々にとって)利益になるよりも、はる かに多大な災いになったことは、国連開発計画報告などの公文書でも明らかで ある。

IMFと世界銀行は、「ワシントン合意」の名で知られる政策にもとづいて、ど の国に対しても「構造調整」という束縛を機械的に押しつけた。しばしば、富裕 諸国は資金不足に苦しむ諸国への融資に自国に都合のよい条件を付ける。IM
Fは「市場自由化」を強制し、貧困諸国の国内市場を欧米企業に解放する。経済 救済策には財政緊縮条件が付けられることが多く、発展途上諸国の医療・教 育・基盤整備支出の削減を強制することになる。

加えて、貧困諸国には、国家予算規模に比べて過分な北側諸国への債務支払い の重圧がのしかかっている。ジュビリー・リサーチなどの債務救済を訴えるN GO連合が主張してきたように、こうした債務の多くは、独裁者の私的蓄財に
流れた借金の尻拭いの類であり、「公序良俗に反する」ものである。多くの場合、 世界市場を制する武器商人でもある富裕諸国が売却した兵器のために資金が注 ぎ込まれた。1990年代中頃に公表された報告によれば、その年代前半期に
おいて、アメリカから発展途上諸国への武器輸出のうち、84パーセントが非 民主的な政権向けのものであったという、おぞましい傾向があった。

国民が暴君を追放しても、過去の政権の巨額債務が残され、新しい社会の構築 を阻害する重たい足枷になる。返済義務の不当さこそが、イラク債務救済をま さしくブッシュ政権が唱導する理由である。残念ながら、再建支援の手を差し 伸べても、ホワイトハウスを利する、目に見えるPR効果がさほど期待できな い国々に、この類の慈悲心が示されることはない。

破滅的な貧窮地帯であるにもかかわらず、サハラ以南アフリカの諸国政府から 北側への支払勘定は、先進諸国からの受取勘定よりも大きいと、経済学者マー ク・ワイズブロットが指摘した。この地域での国際収支はざっと120億ドル の出超(赤字)であり、その多くは債務償還に負っている。

結局、「自由貿易」と言っても、発展途上国にとっては、自由を意味するもので はない。農業助成金の増額と鉄鋼製品関税の引き上げという、ブッシュ政権の 最近の決定に眉をひそめる者ならば、他の諸国を犠牲にして、特定の国々を利
するように、企業活動グローバル化の経済学が絶妙に調整されていることを知 っている。

最悪の1990年代を潜り抜けてきた国々の多くでは、AIDS危機が苦境の 重大要因であった。また、経済不振と景気の落込みに直面した他の国々の多く では、「構造調整」が破滅への道を切り開いた。ワイズブロットの見立てでは、
90年代に実質的な発展を達成した「勝者」は、IMF勧告を平然と無視した諸 国だった。10年間のうちに貧困を実質的に克服したと人間開発報告がお墨付 きを与えた中国とインドは、世界でもっとも手厚い国内経済保護政策を維持す る国々である。

ブッシュ政権は、最新版の国家安全保障戦略において、「国家的成功のための 維持可能な唯一のモデル」があると宣言した。だが私たちとしては、「唯一のモ デル」ではなく、偽りのないデモクラシーと自己決定――外国の金融機関に対
してではなく、自国民に対して説明責任を果たす発展途上諸国の経済モデル― ―が必要なのだ。国連開発計画長官マーク・マロック・ブラウンは、ワシントン 合意に対する「ゲリラ攻撃」が必要だと、紛れのない言葉で語った。

新しい国際経済システムは新しいタイプのグローバル化にもとづくものになる だろう。

10年が失ったものが何であれ、1990年代には目覚しい進展も見られた。 構造調整などの政策を糾弾する活動家たちは地球規模で連帯した。アメリカで は、人びとは海外の状況と国内の不平等とがつながっていることに気付き始め
た。工場人員「削減」の憂き目にあった労働組合員たちは、危険な労働環境と劣 悪低賃金にあえぐメキシコの労働者たちと手を結んだ。カリフォルニアの有権 者たちは、同州の有毒ガス添加物MTBE(メチル第3ブチルエーテル)禁止条
項が不公正な貿易障壁であるとして槍玉にあげられるのを見て、国際的なNG O連合が言う環境「底突き競争」の意味をこれまでにない明晰さで悟った。19 90年代末期には、発言権を要求する大衆的な抗議団体を退けるための警察の 大機動部隊なしには、IMFは会議を開くこともできなくなった。

今日、抗議の群集に加わる開発専門家たちがますます増えつつある。その動機 は明確である――1980年では、アメリカの平均的なCEO(最高経営責任 者)は労働者42人分の収入を得ていたが、2001年では、CEOは411
人分を稼いでいる。世界規模で見れば、格差は極端に拡大し、世界の最富裕層 1パーセントが最貧層57パーセントと同額の金を稼いでいる。

地球規模の格差がクリントン政権下で進展し、ブッシュ政権下でさらに拡大し ている。次の10年を違ったものにするためには、新しいグローバル化を求め る声を地球上広く届けなければならない。

Mark Engler

Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia and an editorial board member at Dissent magazine. His latest book, written with Paul Engler, is entitled This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century.

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The Author

Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia and an editorial board member at Dissent magazine. His latest book, written with Paul Engler, is entitled This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century (Nation Books). Mark’s full bio is available here.

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