Democracy Uprising
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      In the Pandemic, Should We Tax the Rich?

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      Mass Protests May Fade, But Movements Persist

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      There’s More Than One Way to Strike the…

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      In Praise of Impractical Movements

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      Naming Our Desire: How Do We Talk About…

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      No More Miss America: A Collective Memory of…

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      When Undocumented Activists Infiltrated ICE

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      ガンジーはどのように勝利したのか? (Japanese)

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      The Return of Daniel Ortega (in Arabic)

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      Where’s The Jubilee? (in Arabic)

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      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (in…

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      Deutsch

      Als Martin Luther King seine Feuerwaffen aufgab

      Deutsch

      Mikrokredite: Die Entlassung eines Nobelpreisträgers

      Deutsch

      CAFTA – am besten stillschweigend beerdigen

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      Bush in Mexiko

      Deutsch

      Das globale Duell in Evian

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      Die Rückkehr des Daniel Ortega

      Español

      ¿Adoptará el nuevo papa la teología de la…

      Español

      Wall Street quiere que les estemos agradecidos

      Español

      Si Las Monjas Se Fueran a una Huelga,…

      Español

      ALEC retrocede; a la derecha le da un…

      Español

      ¿ALEC disgustado ante la pérdida de patrocinadores? Se…

      Español

      La vida en la nación prisión

      Español

      El futuro del movimiento Ocupar: solidaridad y escalada

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      Matando de hambre al Tío Sam

      Français

      La révolution non-violente a-t-elle échoué en Egypte?

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      Le pari risqué du populisme au Pérou

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      A vida na Nação Prisão

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Democracy Uprising

  • About
    • About Mark Engler
    • About Democracy Uprising
  • Books
    • This Is An Uprising
    • How To Rule the World
  • Topics
    • All Book Reviews Environment Essays / First Person Global Economy Immigration Labor Latin America Social Movements Religion U.S. Politics / Elections War / Militarism
      U.S. Politics / Elections

      The Fed Could Help Cash-Strapped Cities and States….

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      In the Pandemic, Should We Tax the Rich?

      Social Movements

      Mass Protests May Fade, But Movements Persist

      Book Reviews

      The Pan American

      Labor

      There’s More Than One Way to Strike the…

      Social Movements

      In Praise of Impractical Movements

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Naming Our Desire: How Do We Talk About…

      Social Movements

      Latest Book: This Is An Uprising!

      Book Reviews

      The Pan American

      Book Reviews

      The Godfather of Microcredit

      Book Reviews

      Capitalism as Catastrophe

      Book Reviews

      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

      Book Reviews

      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

      Book Reviews

      Ordinary Outrages

      Book Reviews

      No Better Place

      Book Reviews

      In God’s Country

      Environment

      Why Wendell Matters

      Environment

      The Gulf at the Gas Station

      Environment

      Climate Disobedience

      Environment

      Farming the Everglades

      Environment

      The Winter of the Climate Denier

      Environment

      Climate of Change: An “Inside-Outside” Strategy Against Global…

      Environment

      Provoking an American Climate Crisis

      Environment

      The Real “Farmer” Story: So God Made High-Fructose…

      Essays / First Person

      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

      Essays / First Person

      On the Price is Right

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      The Last Porto Alegre

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      Six Essays About War and About Peace

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      Republicans Among Us

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      Meet the Bailout’s New Slush Fund for Corporate…

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      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Global Economy

      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Global Economy

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

      Global Economy

      The Godfather of Microcredit

      Global Economy

      Capitalism as Catastrophe

      Global Economy

      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Global Economy

      The World Is Not Flat

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      When Undocumented Activists Infiltrated ICE

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      The Children of Intervention

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      Immigration Economics: An Interview with Professor Giovanni Peri

      Immigration

      Science Fiction From Below

      Immigration

      Four Ways of Looking at an Aztec Eagle

      Immigration

      Treated Like a Criminal

      Immigration

      When Sanctuary is Resistance

      Immigration

      The Massive Immigrants Rights Protests of 2006 Are…

      Labor

      There’s More Than One Way to Strike the…

      Labor

      The Case for a Social Distancing Wage

      Labor

      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Labor

      Reviving the General Strike

      Labor

      Jeff Bezos Has Enough! It’s Time for a…

      Labor

      There’s Still Power in a Strike

      Labor

      The Amazon Effect: Sweat, Surveillance, Exploitation

      Labor

      Ai-jen Poo: Organizing a Movement for Care

      Latin America

      The Pan American

      Latin America

      Lessons from the Pledge of Resistance

      Latin America

      The Children of Intervention

      Latin America

      Against Shithole Nationalism

      Latin America

      The Last Porto Alegre

      Latin America

      Kissinger Is Not Our Friend

      Latin America

      Even If You Have Nothing to Hide

      Latin America

      End Illegal Spying; Don’t Shoot the Whistleblower

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      Mass Protests May Fade, But Movements Persist

      Social Movements

      There’s More Than One Way to Strike the…

      Social Movements

      In Praise of Impractical Movements

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      Latest Book: This Is An Uprising!

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      It’s Time We Celebrate Ella Baker Day

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      No More Miss America: A Collective Memory of…

      Social Movements

      When Undocumented Activists Infiltrated ICE

      Social Movements

      The Seattle Protests Showed That Another World Is…

      Religion

      In God’s Country

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      Reverend Billy’s Holiday Shopocalypse

      Religion

      Toward the “Rights of the Poor”

      Religion

      The Pope and the Poor

      Religion

      Will the Next Pope Embrace Liberation Theology?

      Religion

      Remembering Romero

      Religion

      John Paul II’s Economic Ethics

      Religion

      Against the God of Free Trade

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      The Fed Could Help Cash-Strapped Cities and States….

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      In the Pandemic, Should We Tax the Rich?

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Mass Protests May Fade, But Movements Persist

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      There’s More Than One Way to Strike the…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      In Praise of Impractical Movements

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      Naming Our Desire: How Do We Talk About…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      No More Miss America: A Collective Memory of…

      U.S. Politics / Elections

      When Undocumented Activists Infiltrated ICE

      War / Militarism

      Does It Make Sense to Protest a President…

      War / Militarism

      Lessons from the Pledge of Resistance

      War / Militarism

      Is Rambo Still A Republican?

      War / Militarism

      War: The Wrong Jobs Program

      War / Militarism

      The Ascent of Niall Ferguson

      War / Militarism

      Those Who Don’t Count

      War / Militarism

      Six Essays About War and About Peace

      War / Militarism

      The Dangerous Dignity of War

  • Translations
    • All Arabic Deutsch Español Français Italiano Japanese Português Thai
      Japanese

      ガンジーはどのように勝利したのか? (Japanese)

      Français

      La révolution non-violente a-t-elle échoué en Egypte?

      Deutsch

      Als Martin Luther King seine Feuerwaffen aufgab

      Deutsch

      Mikrokredite: Die Entlassung eines Nobelpreisträgers

      Italiano

      La strategia di Gandhi per il successo –…

      Español

      ¿Adoptará el nuevo papa la teología de la…

      Español

      Wall Street quiere que les estemos agradecidos

      Español

      Si Las Monjas Se Fueran a una Huelga,…

      Arabic

      Abandoning the World Bank (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      The Return of Daniel Ortega (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Where’s The Jubilee? (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      The Last Porto Alegre (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Seattle At Five (in Arabic)

      Arabic

      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (in…

      Arabic

      Mexico’s Democratic Transition Still Incomplete (in Arabic)

      Deutsch

      Als Martin Luther King seine Feuerwaffen aufgab

      Deutsch

      Mikrokredite: Die Entlassung eines Nobelpreisträgers

      Deutsch

      CAFTA – am besten stillschweigend beerdigen

      Deutsch

      Bush in Mexiko

      Deutsch

      Das globale Duell in Evian

      Deutsch

      Die Rückkehr des Daniel Ortega

      Español

      ¿Adoptará el nuevo papa la teología de la…

      Español

      Wall Street quiere que les estemos agradecidos

      Español

      Si Las Monjas Se Fueran a una Huelga,…

      Español

      ALEC retrocede; a la derecha le da un…

      Español

      ¿ALEC disgustado ante la pérdida de patrocinadores? Se…

      Español

      La vida en la nación prisión

      Español

      El futuro del movimiento Ocupar: solidaridad y escalada

      Español

      Matando de hambre al Tío Sam

      Français

      La révolution non-violente a-t-elle échoué en Egypte?

      Français

      Le pari risqué du populisme au Pérou

      Français

      Hong Kong Phooey

      Français

      Bush Nuit Même Aux Compagnies U.S.

      Français

      Le dynamisme du mouvement pour la paix

      Français

      La déroute de l’ALCA dans une Miami en…

      Français

      Ceux qui ne comptent pas

      Français

      La guerre en Irak : une expo des…

      Italiano

      La strategia di Gandhi per il successo –…

      Italiano

      Le promesse infrante di Obama

      Italiano

      Guantanamo deve sparire

      Italiano

      IL BANK TRANSFER DAY: UN SUCCESSO

      Italiano

      Come il movimento Occupiamo Wall Street si sta…

      Italiano

      Economia tabù

      Italiano

      L’accesso al mercato è la risposta alla povertà?

      Italiano

      Trionfo sul debito?

      Japanese

      ガンジーはどのように勝利したのか? (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Truth Versus Superpower (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Bad Business Empire (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Revenge of the Combat Cartoonist (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Bush’s Uneasy Mexican Visita (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Mark Twain in Iraq (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Globalization’s “Lost Decade” (Japanese)

      Japanese

      Hawks Say the Damnedest Things (Japanese)

      Português

      A vida na Nação Prisão

      Português

      Outro pretexto?

      Português

      Imigração tem efeito positivo sobre emprego e salários

      Português

      O império hipotecado

      Thai

      Progressive Good Tidings of 2007 (in Thai)

      Thai

      2006: A Global Justice Year in Review (In…

      Thai

      WTO: Best Left For Dead? (In Thai)

      Thai

      Is Market Access the Answer to Poverty? (In…

      Thai

      Bush’s Bad Business Empire (In Thai)

      Thai

      The Last Porto Alegre [Thai]

      Thai

      Globalizers, Neocons, or… ? (in Thai)

    • Other Translations
  • Appearances
  • Archive
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TranslationsItaliano

Costa Rica nei guai per il petrolio

by Mark Engler and Nadia Martinez May 28, 2004
written by Mark Engler and Nadia Martinez May 28, 2004
Costa Rica nei guai per il petrolio

Quando si pensa al Costa Rica, di solito non s’immaginano pozzi petroliferi al largo delle sue spiagge né miniere che squarciano le montagne avvolte dalle nuvole. Eppure i panorami e la straordinaria biodiversità del paese sono minacciati dall’industria estrattiva e dai trattati commerciali internazionali. Un paio d’anni fa sembrava che il Costa Rica potesse stare tranquillo. Nel maggio 2002 – dopo un’imponente mobilitazione ambientalista – il presidente Abel Pacheco aveva annunciato una moratoria sulle esplorazioni petrolifere e le miniere a cielo aperto. I legislatori si erano messi al lavoro per dare legittimità all’ordine del governo e abrogare le leggi che mettono il paese nelle mani dell’industria estrattiva.

Ma c’è almeno una multinazionale che non ha gradito questi sviluppi: è la Harken Energy, una compagnia petrolifera texana che ha stretti legami con il presidente degli Stati Uniti, George W. Bush. Nel 1994 il parlamento del Costa Rica aveva approvato una legge sugli idrocarburi – voluta dalla Banca mondiale e dal Fondo monetario internazionale – che dava alle industrie straniere la possibilità di ottenere concessioni per le esplorazioni petrolifere. La Mkj Xploration, un’azienda della Louisiana, aveva vinto l’appalto per trivellare lungo la costa caraibica del paese, ma aveva venduto le sue concessioni alla Harken Energy.

Abitanti del posto, pescatori, indigeni e ambientalisti avevano saputo dai giornali la notizia dell’accordo. Ma il fatto che nessuno li avesse consultati era solo il primo dei numerosi problemi del progetto. La trivellazione off-shore avrebbe danneggiato le barriere coralline e le paludi di mangrovie, minacciando la fauna marina già in pericolo. Nella lunga battaglia contro l’accordo, la popolazione locale ha avuto il sostegno di una commissione nazionale che ha stabilito l’inammissibilità del progetto della Harken in base alle leggi del paese sull’impatto ambientale. Le commissione ha enumerato oltre cinquanta ragioni per rifiutare il piano della compagnia petrolifera. La Harken si è infuriata è ha chiesto un risarcimento di 57 miliardi di dollari.

Non è un refuso. La Harken ha chiesto davvero 57 miliardi di dollari, una cifra che a suo avviso rappresenta il totale dei profitti mancati a causa dell’accordo naufragato. Il prodotto interno lordo annuale del Costa Rica è di circa 17 miliardi di dollari e il bilancio annuale del governo è di cinque miliardi. Alla fine del settembre 2003, subito dopo che la Banca mondiale ha notificato al governo del Costa Rica la denuncia della Harken, Pacheco ha annunciato che il paese non avrebbe accettato un arbitrato internazionale. La sede legittima della controversia, secondo il presidente costaricano, era la magistratura locale. Qualche giorno dopo la Harken ha ritirato la denuncia e ha cercato di giungere a un accordo stragiudiziale.

Arriva il Cafta

Probabilmente, però, il Costa Rica e la Harken non sono riusciti ad accordarsi sull’ammontare della transazione, e le trattative sono naufragate. Ma non è finita. L’amministrazione Bush sta proponendo un accordo che minaccia di trasformare la causa della Harken in qualcosa di più di un’intricata sfida legale. Si tratta del Trattato di libero commercio tra Stati Uniti e Centroamerica (Cafta).

A dicembre gli Stati Uniti hanno concluso i negoziati con Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador e Nicaragua sul trattato di libero mercato nella regione. Il Costa Rica, che aveva esitato perché preoccupato dalla privatizzazione delle industrie pubbliche, è entrato nell’accordo a gennaio.

Per gli avversari del Cafta, il caso della Harken è l’esempio di come le aziende usino gli accordi internazionali per costringere i paesi arinunciare alla difesa dell’ambiente. La tutela degli investitori del Cafta permette alle aziende di rivolgersi direttamente ai tribunali internazionali. Secondo il nuovo accordo, il Costa Rica non avrebbe più la facoltà di contrastare i tentativi di aggirare i suoi tribunali. La minaccia di una causa da diversi miliardi di dollari è sufficiente per convincere molti paesi in via di sviluppo a rinunciare all’attuazione delle proprie leggi ambientali.

Mark Engler and Nadia Martinez

Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia, an editorial board member at Dissent, and co-author of "This Is An Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-first Century" (Nation Books). He can be reached via the website www.DemocracyUprising.com. Nadia Martinez is a Research Associate with the Sustainable Energy and Economy Network (www.seen.org), a project of the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, D.C.

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The Author

Mark Engler is a writer based in Philadelphia and an editorial board member at Dissent magazine. His latest book, written with Paul Engler, is entitled This Is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt Is Shaping the Twenty-First Century (Nation Books). Mark’s full bio is available here.

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Mark’s Articles Appear In:

  • Dissent
  • The Nation
  • The New Republic
  • N+1
  • Salon.com
  • The Los Angeles Times
  • Waging Nonviolence
  • Boston Review
  • The Atlantic
  • Rolling Stone
  • The Guardian
  • In These Times
  • TomDispatch
  • New Internationalist
  • Yes! Magazine
  • Audubon Magazine
  • Jacobin
  • Mother Jones
  • Le Monde diplomatique
  • Grist Magazine
  • Rebelión
  • The San Francisco Chronicle
  • The Progressive
  • Newsday
  • openDemocracy
  • Truthout
  • Christian Science Monitor
  • Dollars & Sense
  • Progreso Semanal
  • Chicago Reader
  • Sin Permiso
  • Baltimore Sun
  • The Ecologist
  • TruthDig
  • Asia Times
  • Sierra Magazine
  • Labor Notes
  • New Politics
  • The Catholic Worker
  • The Des Moines Register
  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Email

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